Сочинение на тему витамины на английском

Healthy Food It’s very important to choose the right food nowadays. Healthy and balanced diet is useful for every person. We depend on food as well as the cars depend on gas, for example. It’s our natural fuel, which gives our body physical strength and health. When the body is healthy, the mind will also be healthy. Different types of food contain different nutrients for our body. Some supply us with carbohydrates, some with proteins or fats, some with vitamins and minerals, etc. Many people think that fat is bad for people and they try to cut down on it. There is even a special line of products, called low-fat. The problem is that we do need some kinds of fat, but the saturated fats from animal products, like red meat, butter and cheese, can be really bad for health. Friendly fats can be found in avocados, nuts and seeds, olives and tuna fish, and in some other products. Some people cut down on too much sugar and salt, which is also a good idea. One of the healthiest types of food is fruit and vegetables. Such organic products can be only useful if they don’t contain any chemicals and additives, which has become a common phenomenon in modern supermarkets. More and more people tend to grow fruit and vegetables in their own gardens, instead of buying them. Another problem is modified food. It’s much cheaper than ordinary food, which is why people often buy it. From the other hand, modified food can lead to dangerous diseases. The food people eat depends a lot on their culture, religion, beliefs, health and other factors. However, some rules are common for everyone. They are: less fat, sugar and salt; and more water, vitamins, fresh fruit and vegetables.

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Vitamins

Vitamin
means life. The story of vitamins actually begins in 1911 when a
Polish chemist by name of Kazimir Punk extracted from rice polishings
a crystalline substance. This substance was capable to cure
beri-beri. Analyses of these crystals revealed the presence of
nitrogen in basic combination, i.e. the “amino”-nitrogen; Punk
therefore called this substance “vita-mine”. The root “vita”
indicates that the substance is essential to life and health. In this
way, the word “vitamin” was born. For four years before Punk’s
discovery a series of studies had begun in the USA to determine the
value of cereals such as wheat, corn and oats as a cattle diet.
Eventually it was found necessary to resort to rats to solve the
problem of cereal differences.

Today
the successful isolation and synthesis of many of the substances has
proved that vitamins are organic chemical compounds to be present in
the diet for the maintenance of growth and health.

Vitamins
are substances to be found in certain foods which are necessary for
the growth, development and general health of the body. There are
several different kinds of these protective substances to be provided
in the diet. To make sure our bodies get all the vitamins they need,
it is best to include several different vitamin-containing foods in
the diet. Such foods include milk and many of the products made from
it, all the green leafy vegetables like spinach, cabbage, lettuce,
other fresh vegetables, fruit and fruit juices, whole-grained
cereals, eggs and a number of others.

When
we plan a nutrition program for any person, young and old, well and
ill, we must know certain foods are the best sources each body
requires.

1. Vitamin
   A: fruits and vegetables, cream, butter or margarine, eggs and
   liver.

2. The
   B vitamins: yeast, liver, whole-grained breads and cereals, milk,
   meat.

3. Vitamin
   C: orange or grapefruit juice, any fresh raw fruit or vegetable,
   ascorbic acid tablets if needed.

4. Vitamin
   D: fish-liver oil or vitamin-D capsules.

5. Vitamin
   E: soy-bean oil, vegetables oils.

6. Vitamin
   K: is produced by intestinal bacteria. The diet must be adequate in
   milk and unsaturated fatty acids and low in refined carbohydrates;
   intestinal bacteria are increased by eating yogurt.

7. Vitamin
   P (rutin): citrus fruits, especially lemons.

8. Calcium:
   milk, yogurt.

9. Phosphorous:
   milk, eggs, cheese, meat.

10. Iron:
    liver, yeast, meat, bread and cereals.

11. Proteins:
    yeast, milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, fish, eggs.

12. Liquids:
    milk, fruit, juices, soup, water.

Experts
in the study of foods are constantly conducting experiments. They are
making their discoveries public from time to time for such knowledge
enables us to select the proper foods in order to protect us against
the diseases.

Task
1. Translate from English into Russian:

A
crystalline substance; to be capable to cure diseases; to reveal the
presence of nitrogen; the maintenance of growth; organic chemical
compounds; vitamin-containing foods; the green leafy vegetables;
whole-grained cereals; unsaturated fatty acids; refined
carbohydrates; to protect people against the diseases; to extract
from rice polishings; isolation and synthesis; to plan a nutrition
program; to select the proper foods.

Task
2. Give English equivalents:

1. определить
   ценность злаковых 6) цельнозерновые
   каши

2. для
   поддержания здоровья 7)
   масло и маргарин; яйца и печень

3. органические
   химические соединения принимать
   аскорбиновую кислоту

4. зеленые
   листовые овощи 9)
   производиться кишечными бактериями

5. включать
   витаминсодержащую 10) постоянно
   проводить эксперименты

еду
в
рацион

Task
3. Fill in the missing letters and translate the words:

1. cr.sta…ne
   4) let..ce 7) l.ver 10) cer..l

2. s.nth..is
   5) sp.na.h y..st 11) grapefr..t

3. m..nten.nce
   6) marg…ne 9) yog..t 12) as…bic a.id

Task
4. Group the following words according to the parts of speech:

Protective,
growth, chemical, to extract, selection, maintenance, refined, to
plan, substance

Task
5. Express the following definitions in one word. The answers are in
the box below,

two
of them are extra:

1. relating
   to or affecting the intestine –

2. intended
   to protect someone or something –

3. having
   the structure and form of a crystal –

4. any
   nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that
   plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth —

5. a
   disease causing inflammation of the nerves and heart failure,
   ascribed to a deficiency of vitamin B 1 —

6. containing
   a large amount of fat –

7. the
   liquid obtained from or present in fruit or vegetables –

8. a
   butter substitute made from vegetable oils or animal fats —

Task
6. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold
type:

1. Nitrogen
   is a colourless element that has no smell and is usually found as a
   gas. It forms about 78% of the earth’s atmosphere, and is found in
   all living things.

2. Her
   speech was a
   synthesis
   of ideas put forward by various individuals.

3. John’s
   shirt was saturated
   with sweat.

4. Healthy
   people do not need vitamin
   supplements.

5. A
   good ear and memory are essential
   in studying foreign languages.

6. Fish
   was a major source of protein
   for the working man.

7. Calcium
   is a soft white element which is found in bones and teeth, and also
   in limestone, chalk, and marble.

8. Proteins
   are by far the most complex chemical
   compounds.

Task
7. Before you read the text about vitamins, mark the statements True
(T) or False (F).

Then
read the text and check your answers:

Task
8. Complete the sentences using the text:

1. If
   a person has some problems with her/his skin, he/she should have …

2. If
   you have got a bad cold, you need vitamin …, which is in…

3. To
   make your bones strong you should …

4. If
   you can hardly see in the dark, you should have … every day.

5. You
   should have … to make your nervous system work.

6. People
   need vitamins to …

Task
9. Answer the questions:

1. What
   does the word “vitamin” mean?

2. When
   and how dies the story of vitamins begin?

3. Why
   are vitamins essential for our health?

4. How
   can a person receive enough amount of vitamins?

5. What
   vitamins are fruits and vegetables rich in?

6. What
   vitamin is produced by intestinal bacteria?

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Vitamins Essay, Research Paper

Vitamin, any of the organic compounds required by the body in small amounts for metabolism, to protect health, and for proper growth in children. Vitamins also assist in the formation of hormones, blood cells, nervous-system chemicals, and genetic material. The various vitamins are not chemically related, and most differ in their physiological actions. They generally act as catalysts, combining with proteins to create metabolically active enzymes that in turn produce hundreds of important chemical reactions throughout the body. Without vitamins, many of these reactions would slow down or cease. The intricate ways in which vitamins act on the body, however, are still far from clear.

The 13 well-identified vitamins are classified according to their ability to be absorbed in fat or water. The fat-soluble vitamins-A, D, E, and K-are generally consumed along with fat-containing foods, and because they can be stored in the body’s fat, they do not have to be consumed every day. The water-soluble vitamins-the eight B vitamins and vitamin C-cannot be stored and must be consumed frequently, preferably every day (with the exception of some B vitamins, as noted below).

The body can manufacture only vitamin D; all others must be derived from the diet. Lack of them causes a wide range of metabolic and other dysfunctions. In the U.S., since 1940, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council has published recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Expressed in milligrams or international units (IU) for adults and children of normal health, these recommendations are useful guidelines not only for professionals in nutrition but also for the growing number of families and individuals who eat irregular meals and rely on prepared foods, many of which are now required to carry nutritional labeling.

A well-balanced diet contains all the necessary vitamins, and most individuals who follow such a diet can correct any previous vitamin deficiencies. However, persons who are on special diets, who are suffering from intestinal disorders that prevent normal absorption of nutrients, or who are pregnant or lactating may need particular vitamin supplements to bolster their metabolism. Beyond such real needs, vitamin supplements are also often popularly believed to offer “cures” for many diseases, from colds to cancer; but in fact the body quickly eliminates most of these preparations without absorbing them. In addition, the fat-soluble vitamins can block the effect of other vitamins and even cause severe poisoning when taken in excess.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is a pale yellow primary alcohol derived from carotene. It affects the formation and maintenance of skin, mucous membranes, bones, and teeth; vision; and reproduction. An early deficiency symptom is night blindness (difficulty in adapting to darkness); other symptoms are excessive skin dryness; lack of mucous membrane secretion, causing susceptibility to bacterial invasion; and dryness of the eyes due to a malfunctioning of the tear glands, a major cause of blindness in children in developing countries.

The body obtains vitamin A in two ways. One is by manufacturing it from carotene, a vitamin precursor found in such vegetables as carrots, broccoli, squash, spinach, kale, and sweet potatoes. The other is by absorbing ready-made vitamin A from plant-eating organisms. In animal form, vitamin A is found in milk, butter, cheese, egg yolk, liver, and fish-liver oil. Although one-third of American children are believed to consume less than the recommended allowance of vitamin A, sufficient amounts can be obtained in a normally balanced diet rather than through supplements. Excess vitamin A can interfere with growth, stop menstruation, damage red blood corpuscles, and cause skin rashes, headaches, nausea, and jaundice.

The B Vitamins

Known also as vitamin B complex, these are fragile, water-soluble substances, several of which are particularly important to carbohydrate metabolism.

B1

Thiamine, or vitamin B1, a colorless, crystalline substance, acts as a catalyst in carbohydrate metabolism, enabling pyruvic acid to be absorbed and carbohydrates to release their energy. Thiamine also plays a role in the synthesis of nerve-regulating substances. Deficiency in thiamine causes beriberi, which is characterized by muscular weakness, swelling of the heart, and leg cramps and may, in severe cases, lead to heart failure and death. Many foods contain thiamine, but few supply it in concentrated amounts. Foods richest in thiamine are pork, organ meats (liver, heart, and kidney), brewer’s yeast, lean meats, eggs, leafy green vegetables, whole or enriched cereals, wheat germ, berries, nuts, and legumes. Milling of cereal removes those portions of the grain richest in thiamine; consequently, white flour and polished white rice may be lacking in the vitamin. Widespread enrichment of flour and cereal products has largely eliminated the risk of thiamine deficiency, although it still occurs today in nutritionally deficient alcoholics.

B2

Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, like thiamine, serves as a coenzyme-one that must combine with a portion of another enzyme to be effective-in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and, especially, respiratory proteins. It also serves in the maintenance of mucous membranes. Riboflavin deficiency may be complicated by a deficiency of other B vitamins; its symptoms, which are not as definite as those of a lack of thiamine, are skin lesions, especially around the nose and lips, and sensitivity to light. The best sources of riboflavin are liver, milk, meat, dark green vegetables, whole grain and enriched cereals, pasta, bread, and mushrooms.

B3

Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid and vitamin B3, also works as a coenzyme in the release of energy from nutrients. A deficiency of niacin causes pellagra, the first symptom of which is a sunburnlike eruption that breaks out where the skin is exposed to sunlight. Later symptoms are a red and swollen tongue, diarrhea, mental confusion, irritability, and, when the central nervous system is affected, depression and mental disturbances. The best sources of niacin are liver, poultry, meat, canned tuna and salmon, whole grain and enriched cereals, dried beans and peas, and nuts. The body also makes niacin from the amino acid tryptophan. Megadoses of niacin have been used experimentally in the treatment of schizophrenia, although no experimental proof has been produced to show its efficacy. In large amounts it reduces levels of cholesterol in the blood, and it has been used extensively in preventing and treating arteriosclerosis. Large doses over long periods cause liver damage.

B6

Pyridoxine, or vitamin B6, is necessary for the absorption and metabolism of amino acids. It also plays roles in the use of fats in the body and in the formation of red blood cells. Pyridoxine deficiency is characterized by skin disorders, cracks at the mouth corners, smooth tongue, convulsions, dizziness, nausea, anemia, and kidney stones. The best sources of pyridoxine are whole (but not enriched) grains, cereals, bread, liver, avocadoes, spinach, green beans, and bananas. Pyridoxine is needed in proportion to the amount of protein consumed.

B12

Cobalamin, or vitamin B12, one of the most recently isolated vitamins, is necessary in minute amounts for the formation of nucleoproteins, proteins, and red blood cells, and for the functioning of the nervous system. Cobalamin deficiency is often due to the inability of the stomach to produce glycoprotein, which aids in the absorption of this vitamin. Pernicious anemia results, with its characteristic symptoms of ineffective production of red blood cells, faulty myelin (nerve sheath) synthesis, and loss of epithelium (membrane lining) of the intestinal tract. Cobalamin is obtained only from animal sources-liver, kidneys, meat, fish, eggs, and milk. Vegetarians are advised to take vitamin B12 supplements.

Other B Vitamins

Folic acid, or folacin, is a coenzyme needed for forming body protein and hemoglobin. Recent investigations show that folic acid deficiency may be responsible for neural tube defects, a type of birth defect that results in severe brain or neurological disorders (see Spina Bifida). The U.S. Public Health Service recommends that women of child-bearing age take 0.4 mg of folic acid daily. Women should continue to take that dose through the first three months of pregnancy. Folic acid is effective in the treatment of certain anemias and sprue. Dietary sources are organ meats, leafy green vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains, and brewer’s yeast. Folic acid is lost in foods stored at room temperature and during cooking. Unlike other water-soluble vitamins, folic acid is stored in the liver and need not be consumed daily.

Pantothenic acid, another B vitamin, plays a still-undefined role in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. It is abundant in many foods and is manufactured by intestinal bacteria as well.

Biotin, a B vitamin that is also synthesized by intestinal bacteria and widespread in foods, plays a role in the formation of fatty acids and the release of energy from carbohydrates. Its deficiency in humans is unknown.

Vitamin C, or Ascorbic Acid

This well-known vitamin is important in the formation and maintenance of collagen, the protein that supports many body structures and plays a major role in the formation of bones and teeth. It also enhances the absorption of iron from foods of vegetable origin. Scurvy is the classic manifestation of severe ascorbic acid deficiency. Its symptoms are due to loss of the cementing action of collagen and include hemorrhages, loosening of teeth, and cellular changes in the long bones of children. Assertions that massive doses of ascorbic acid prevent colds and influenza have not been borne out by carefully controlled experiments (see Cold, Common). In other experiments, however, ascorbic acid has been shown to prevent the formation of nitrosamines-compounds found to produce tumors in laboratory animals and possibly also in humans. Although unused ascorbic acid is quickly excreted in the urine, large and prolonged doses can result in the formation of bladder and kidney stones, interference with the effects of blood-thinning drugs, destruction of B12, and the loss of calcium from bones. Sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, fresh strawberries, cantaloupe, pineapple, and guava. Good vegetable sources are broccoli, brussel sprouts, tomatoes, spinach, kale, green peppers, cabbage, and turnips.

Vitamin D

This vitamin is necessary for normal bone formation and for retention of calcium and phosphorus in the body. It also protects the teeth and bones against the effects of low calcium intake by making more effective use of calcium and phosphorus. Also called the sunshine vitamin, vitamin D is obtained from egg yolk, liver, tuna, and vitamin-D fortified milk. It is also manufactured in the body when sterols, which are commonly found in many foods, migrate to the skin and become irradiated. Vitamin D deficiency, or rickets, occurs only rarely in tropical climates where sunlight is abundant, but it was once common among children of northern cities before the use of vitamin D-fortified milk. Rickets is characterized by deformities of the rib cage and skull and by bowlegs, due to failure of the body to absorb calcium and phosphorus. Because vitamin D is fat-soluble and stored in the body, excessive consumption can cause vitamin poisoning, kidney damage, lethargy, and loss of appetite.

Vitamin E

The role of vitamin E in the human body is not clearly established, but it is known to be an essential nutrient in more than 20 vertebrate species. The vitamin plays some role in forming red blood cells and muscle and other tissues and in preventing the oxidation of vitamin A and fats. It is found in vegetable oils, wheat germ, liver, and leafy green vegetables. Vitamin E is popularly advocated for a wide range of diseases, but no substantial evidence has been found to back these claims. Although vitamin E is stored in the body, overdoses appear to have lower toxic effects than do overdoses of other fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamin K

This vitamin is necessary mainly for the coagulation of blood. It aids in forming prothrombin, an enzyme needed to produce fibrin for blood clotting. The richest sources of vitamin K are alfalfa and fish livers, which are used in making concentrated preparations of this vitamin. Dietary sources include all leafy green vegetables, egg yolks, soybean oil, and liver. For a healthy adult, a normal diet and bacterial synthesis in the bowels usually are sufficient to supply the body with vitamin K and prothrombin. Digestive disturbances may lead to defective absorption of vitamin K and hence to mild disorders in blood clotting.

Государственное
автономное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Черепановский
педагогический колледж»

Vitamins.

Выполнила:
Главатских Елена,

31
группа

2020г.

Even the inhabitants of ancient Egypt
determined that a person’s health directly depends on the food he uses. Such
knowledge turned out to be incomplete. For this reason, diseases appeared and
people died precisely because of a lack of nutrients. Everything changed after
the discovery of vitamins by scientists.

The word vitamins comes from the Latin «vita».
It translates as life. Vitamins are special substances necessary for the body
to function properly and perform important functions.

Currently, people know about thirteen
vitamins. They are divided into groups according to the medium that is able to
dissolve them.

Soluble in water

·        
Ascorbic acid or vitamin C was discovered first. It
helps to increase the body’s resistance. It contains fruits, vegetables, black
currants, rose hips and citrus fruits.

·        
B vitamins contribute to the normal functioning of
blood vessels. Digestive and nervous systems. They are found in milk and its
derivatives, liver, cereals, beans and eggs.

·        
Fat – soluble

·        
Vitamin A helps to preserve cells, helps to improve
vision and accelerate growth. It can be synthesized from carotene. To get it,
you should eat carrots, red vegetables, liver, butter and cheese.

·        
Vitamin D is responsible for the level of calcium,
therefore it helps to preserve bones and teeth. Its source is liver, milk, eggs
and sunlight.

·        
Vitamin E protects cells from the accumulation of
toxins and aging. Its source is cereals, nuts, sea buckthorn and oils.

·        
Vitamin K protects blood vessels and controls blood
clotting. To get it, you need to eat meat, soy, leafy vegetables and bananas.

How to save vitamins

Ascorbic acid is destroyed very quickly. She
is afraid of high temperatures, light and air. For this reason, milk should not
be kept in a glass dish, and potatoes should be boiled in the peel.

Vitamin A is more resistant, but does not like
sunlight.

B vitamins are very well soluble in water.
This point should be taken into account during the preparation of porridge – it
is necessary that the water is completely absorbed into the cereal. Salt, soda
and alcohol negatively affect such vitamins.

·        
Vitamin D is negatively affected by soda.

·        
Vitamin E tolerates high temperatures well.

It is not so easy to preserve vitamins, but it
is extremely necessary. In addition, not everyone has the opportunity to
consume the required amount of nutrients every day. To solve this problem,
artificial production of vitamins was created. They are produced in the form of
tablets that can be purchased at a pharmacy. Most often, their use helps to
eliminate the problem of lack of certain substances. Their use is possible only
after medical consultation and a number of tests. Taking such drugs without
control can cause disruption of the functioning of the body.

The value of vitamins

·        
With proper and healthy nutrition, the possibility
of allergies to vitamins is practically reduced to zero, but their lack can
cause very serious diseases.

·        
If there is not enough ascorbic acid in the body,
then a person can get scurvy, in which teeth fall out and blood vessels are
destroyed.

·        
With a lack of vitamin A, chicken blindness occurs
and a person does not see in the dark.

·        
If there is not enough vitamin D, then rickets can
develop in childhood. With such a disease, the bones become brittle, the figure
changes, the rate of increase in growth decreases.

·        
Taking care of your own health is not easy, but a
happy and long life will be the reward for a responsible approach in this
matter.